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ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS STUDIES.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES.
The aim of the Unified Tertiary Matriculation
Examination (UTME) syllabus in Islamic Studies is
to prepare the candidates for the Board's
examination. It is designed to test their
achievement of the course objectives, which are
to:
1. master the Qur'an and sunnah as foundations
of Islamic and social life;
2. be familiar with Islamic heritage, culture and
civilization;
3. be acquainted with the tradition of Islamic
scholarship and intellectual discourse;
4. demonstrate knowledge of Islamic moral,
spiritual, political and social values;
5. be prepared to face the challenges of life as
good practicing Muslims.
DETAILED SYLLABUS
PART 1: THE QUR'AN AND HADITH
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
1.Revelation of the Glorious Qur'an.
(i) Visits of the Prophet (SAW) to Cave Hira.
(ii)His reaction to the first revelation And its
importance.
(iii)Different modes of revelation (Q.42:511):
inspiration behind the Veil, through an
angel,etc.
(iv) Piecemeal revelation (Q. 17:106) (Q.25:32).
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. analyse the Prophet's (SAW) visits to Cave Hira
and the purpose;
ii.describe the Prophet's reaction to the first
revelation and its mportance;
iii.differentiate between the mode of revelation;
iv. explain why the Glorious Qur'an/ was revealed
piecemeal.
lb. Preservation of the Glorious Qur'an
(i) Complete arrangement
(ii)Differences between Makkah and Madinan
suwar
(iii)Recording, compilation and Standardization of
the Glorious Qur'an
(iv) The role played by the Companions of the
Prophet (SAW).
OBJECTIVES.
i. identify the personalities involved in the
arrangement of
the Glorious Qur'an;
ii.differentiate between Makkan and Madinan
suwar;
iii.analyse how the Glorious Qur'an was
recorded, compiled and standardized;
iv. evaluate the role played by the companions of
the Prophet (SAW).
1c. Importance of the Glorious Qur'an as a source
of guidance in spiritual,moral,economic,
political and socio-cultural matters.
OBJECTIVES.
i.examine the importance of the Glorious Qur'an.
1d. Proof of the divine authenticity of the
Glorious Qur'an (Q.4:82)(Q.41:42).
(i) Uniqueness of the Glorious Qur'an (Q.39:27)
(Q. 17:88) (Q.75:16-19).
(ii)Divine preservation of the Glorious Qur'an
(Q.15:9).
OBJECTIVES.
i. evaluate the proof of the divine authenticity of
the Glorious Qur'an;
ii.evaluate the uniqueness of the Glorious Qur'an;
iii.examine the ways by which the Glorious Qur'an
was preserved
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
2. Tafsir
(i) Historical development of Tafsir
(ii) Importance of Tafsir
(iii)Types of Tafsir
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. trace the origin and sources of Tafsir,
ii.evaluate the importance of Tafsir.
iii.compare the types of Tafsir.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
3. Introduction to Tajwid (Theory and Practice).
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i.examine the meaning and importance of Tajwid.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
4. Study of the Arabic text of the following suwar/
ayats with tajwid
(a) Al-Fatihah(Q.l).
(b) Al-Adiyat(Q.lOO).
(c) Al-Qari'ah(Q.lOl).
(d) Al-Takathur(Q.102).
(e) Al-Asr((Q.103).
(f) Al-Humazah(Q.104).
(g) Al-Maun((Q.107).
(h) Al-Kawthar(Q.108).
(i) Al-Masad((Q.lll).
(j) Al-Ikhlas(Q.112).
(k) Al-Falaq((Q.113).
(1) An-Nas(Q.114).
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. recite with correct tajwid the Arabic texts of the
suwar,
ii. translate the verses;
iii.deduce lessons from them;
iv. evaluate the teachings of the verses.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
5. Study of the Arabic text of the following suwar/
ayats with tajwid
(a) al-A'ala (Q.87)
(b) ad-Duha (Q.93)
(c) al-Inshirah (Q.94)
(c) al-Tin(Q.95
(e) al-Alaq (Q.96)
(f) al-Qadr(Q.97)
(g) al-Bayyinah (Q.98)
(h) al-Zi!zal(Q.99)
(i) Ayatul-Kursiy(Q.2:255)
(j) Amanar-Rasul (Q.2:285-6)
(k) Laqadjaakun (Q.9:128-129)
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. recite with correct tajwid the Arabic texts of the
suwar;
ii.deduce lessons form them;
iii.evaluate their teachings.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
6. Hadith
(a) History of Hadith literature -
Collection of Hadith from the time of the
Prophet to the period of the six authentic
collectors of Hadith
(b) Authentication of Hadith
(i) Isnad (Asma'ur-rijal)
(ii)Matn
(iii)Classification of Hadith into Sahih Hassan and
Da'if.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i.evaluate the history of Hadith from the time of
the Prophet (SAW) to the period of authentic
collectors.
ii.Analysethe Isnad;
iii.Analyse the Mam;
iv.Distinguish between Hadit Sahih, Hassan and
da'if.
(c) The relationship between Hadith and the
Glorious Qur'an
(i) The importance of Hadith
(ii)The similarities and differences between Hadith
and the Glorious Qur'an.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. examine the importance of Hadith;
ii.distinguish ' between Hadith and the Glorious
Qur'an.
(d) The six sound collectors of Hadith-biographies
and their works.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. evaluate their biographies and works
ii. evaluate his biography;
iii.analyse his work.
(e) Muwatta and its author – The biography of
Imam Malik and the study of his book.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. interpret the ahadith in Arabic
ii.apply them in their daily lives.
(f) The study of the Arabic texts of the following
ahadith from an-Nawawi's
collection:1,3,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,18,19,21,
22,25,27,34, and 41
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(7) Moral lessons in the Glorious Qur'an and
Hadith.
(a)General moral lessons contained in the
admonition of Sage Luqman to his son
(Q.31:18-20).
(b) Goodness to parents (Q. 17:23-24).
(c) Honesty (Q.2:42)(Q.61:2-3).
(d) Prohibition of bribery and corruption (Q.2:18),
alcohol and
gambling (Q.2:219) (Q.5:93-94), stealing and
fraud (Q.5:41) (Q.83:l-5),smoking, drug
abuse and other intoxicants (Q.2.172-173, 195
and 219) (Q.4:43) (Q.5:3),
(Q.6:118-121).arrogance (Q.31:18-19) and
extravagance (Q. 17:26-27) (Q.31:18-19).
(e) Dignity of labour (Q.62:10) (Q.78:l 1) Hadith
from Bukhari and Ibn Majah: "that one of you
takes his rope" "never has anyone of you eaten".
(f) Behaviour and modesty in dressing
(Q.24:27-31)
(g) Adultery and fornication (Q. 17:32) Q.24:2),
homosexuality (Q. 11:77-78) and obscenity
(Q:4:14-15) Hadith - "No one of you should meet
a woman privately "Bukhari.
(h) Leadership (Q.2:124) and justice (Q.4:58 and
135) (Q.5:9) Hadith -'take care everyone of
you is a governor concerning his subjects" (al-
Bukhari and others).
(i) Trust and obligations (Q:4:58) (Q.5:l) and
promises (Q.16:91) Hadith 'he has (really)
no faith .... Not fulfilled his promise" (Baihaqi).
(j) Piety (Taqwa) (Q:2:177) (Q.3:102) (Q.49.13)
Hadith 18 and 35 of an Nawawi.
(k) Tolerance, perseverance and patience
(Q.2:153-157) (Q.3:200) (Q.103:3) Hadith 16
of an-Nawawi.
(l) Unity and brotherhood (Q.3:103).
(Q.8:46) (Q.49:10) Hadith 35 of an- Nawawi.
(m) Enjoying what is good "and forbidding what is
wrong (Q.3:104 and (110) (Q.16:90) Hadith 25
and 34 of an Nawawi.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. use the teachings of the verses to their daily
lives;
ii. apply the teachings of the verses to their daily
lives;
iii.apply the teachings of the verses to their daily
lives;
iv. use the teachings of the verses to their daily
lives;
v. apply the teaching of the verses to their daily
lives;
vi. apply their teachings of the verses to their
daily lives;
vii.apply the teachings of the verses to their daily
lives;
viii.apply the teachings of the verses to their
daily lives;
ix. apply the teachings of the verses to their daily
lives;
x. apply the teachings of the verses to their daily
lives;
xi. apply the teachings of the verses to their daily
lives;
xii. apply the teachings of the verses to their daily
lives;
xiii. apply the teachings of the verses to their
daily lives.
PART II: TAWHID AND FIQH
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
(a) Faith
(i) Tawhid -Its importance and lessons.
(b) Kalimatush-Shahadah - Its meaning and
importance.
(ii) The Oneness of Allah as contained in the
following verses:(Q.3:19) (Q.2:255)
(Q.112:1-4).
(iii)The servanthood and messengership of the
Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as contained in the
following verses (Q.3:144) (Q.18:110)
(Q.48:29)and(Q.34:28).
(iv) Universality of his message (Q.7:158)
(Q.34:28).
(iv) Finality of his Prophethood (Q.33.-40).
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. interpret tawhid concepts;
ii. evaluate the significance of kalimatush-
shahadah;
iii.identify the verses dealing with the Oneness of
Allah;
iv. determine the significance of the servanthood
of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW);
v. evaluate the significance of the universality of
Prophet Muhammad's message;
vi. examine the significance of the finality of the
Prophethood of Muhammad (SAW).
(c)Shirk
(i) Beliefs which are incompatible with the Islamic
principles of Tawhid:
- Worship of Idols (Q.4:48) (Q.22:31).
- Ancestral worship (Q.4:48 and 116)
(Q21:66-67).
- Trinity (Q4:171) (Q.5:76)(Q.112:l-4).
- Atheism (Q;45:24) (Q.72:6) (Q.79:17-22).
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. determine what actions and beliefs constitute
shirk;
ii.avoid such actions.
(d) General practices which are incompatible with
Islamic principles of Tawhid:
- Superstition (Q.25:43) (Q. 72:6)
- Fortune-telling (Q;15:16-18) (Q.37:6-10)
- Magic and witchcraft Q.2:102) (Q.20:69) and 73)
(Q.26:46)
- Cult worship (Q. 17:23) (Q.4:48)
- Innovation (Bid'ah) (Q.4:116) and Hadith 5 and
28 of an-Nawawi
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. identify those practices incompatible: with the
principles of Tawhid that are Islamic.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
(2) Article of faith
a) Belief in Allah
(i) Existence of Allah (Q.2:255) (Q.52:35-36).
(ii) Attributes of Allah (Q.59:22-24).
(iii) The works of Allah (Q.27:59:64).
(b) Belief in Allah's angels (Q.2:177 and 285)
(Q.8:50) (Q.16:2).
(c) His books (Q.2:253) and 285) (Q.3:3).
(d) His prophets: Ulul-azm (Q.4:163-164).
(e) The Last Day: Yawm-al-Ba'th (Q.23:15-16)
(Q.70:4).
(f) Destiny: distinction between Qada and Qadar
(Q.2:l 17) (Q. 16:40) (Q.36:82).
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. examine the significance of thearticle of faith;
ii.examine the attributes of Allah;
iii.examine the works of Allah;
iv. examine the belief in Allah's books;
v. examine the verses on Allah's books;
vi. identify the belief in the Prophets of Allah and
its significance;
vii.analyse the belief in the Last Day and its
significance;
viii.evaluate the belief in destiny and its
significance.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES
(3) Ibadat and their types:
(a) Good deeds (Q.3:13) (0.6:160) (Q.2:177)
(Q.318) (Q.103:l-3) 26th Hadith of an-Nawawi.
(b) Taharah,its types and importance (al-istinja'/
istijamar,alwudu',at-tayammum
and al-ghusl (Q.2:222) (Q.5:7) Hadith 10 and
23 ofan-Nawawi.
(c) Salah.
(i) Importance: (Q.2:45) (Q.20:132) (Q.29:45) and
Hadith 23rd of an-Nawawi.
(ii)Description and types of salah.
(iii)Things that vitiate salah.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. determine what constitutes acts of ibadah.
ii.distinguish between the different types of
taharah;
iii.assess the importance of salah to a Muslim's
life;
iv. analyse different types of salah;
v. identify things that vitiate salah.
(d) Zakah.
(i) Its types and importance (zakatul-fitr, zakatul
mal, al-an-am and al-harth (Q.2:267),(Q.9:103)
3rd Hadith of an-Nawawi.
(ii) Collection and disbursement (Q.9:60).
(iii)Difference between Zakah and Sadaqah.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. differentiate between the various types of
zakkah and the time of giving them out;
ii.determine how to collect and distribute zakah;
iii.distinguish between zakah and sadaqah
(e) Sawm
(i) Its types and importance (fard, sunnah,
qada and kaffarah) (Q.2.183-185) 3rd Hadith of
an-Nawawi.
(ii) People exempted from sawm.
(iii)Things that vitiate sawm.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. compare the varioas types of sawm;
ii.determine the people who are exempted from
fasting;
iii.determine things that vitiate fasting.
(f) Hajj.
(i) Its importance (Q.2:158 and 197) (Q.a3:97)
(Q.22:27-28).
(ii)Type (Ifrad, Qiran and Tamattu).
(iii)Essentials of Hajj (Arkan al Hajj).
(iv) Conditions for the performance of Hajj.
(v) Differences between Hajj and Umrah.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. examine the importance of Hajj;
ii.differentiate between the types of Hajj
iii.determine the essentials of Hajj;
iv. evaluate the conditions for performance of
Hajj;
v. differentiate between Hajj and Umrah.
(g) Jihad: Concept, kinds, manner and Lessons
(Q.2:190-193) (Q.22:39-40).
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. examine the concepts of jihad and its type;
ii.evaluate the manner of carrying out jihad and its
lessons.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(4) Family Matters.
(a) Marriage
(i) Importance (Q. 16:72) (Q.24:32) (Q.30:20-21).
(ii) Prohibited categories (Q.2:221) (Q.4:22-24).
(iii)Conditions for its validity (Q.4:4) (Q.4.24-25).
(iv) Rights and duties of husbands and wives
(Q.4:34-35)(Q.20:132) (Q.65:6-7).
(v) Polygamy (Q.4:3 and 129).
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. analyse the importance of marriage;
ii.determine the category of women prohibited to a
man to marry;
iii.examine the conditions for validity of
marriage;
iv. determine the rights and duties of the spouse;
vi. evaluate the polygamy and its significance
(b) Divorce
(i) Attitude of Islamic todivorce (Q.2:228)
(Q.4:34-35) Hadith "of al things lawful ...most
hateful to Allah.." (Abu Daud 15:3).
(ii) Kinds (Talaq, Khul;, faskh, mubur'ah and
lian) (Q.2:229-230) (Q.24:6-9).
(Ill) Iddah, kinds, duration and importance
(Q.2:228 and 232).
(iv) Prohibited forms of dissolution of marriage.
(Ha and Zihar) (Q.2:226-227)
(Q.58:2-4).
(v) Custody of children (Hadanah).
OBJECTIVES.
Candiddates should be able to:
i. analyse the attitude of Islam to divorce;
ii.examine the different types of divorce;
iiia.differentiate between the various kinds of
iddah;
iiib.Analyse its duration and significance;
iv.determine the prohibited forms of ending
marriage;
iv.determine who has the right to custody of
children.
(c)Inheritance.
(i) Its importance.
(ii)Heirs and their shares (Q.4:7-8), 11- 12 and
176).
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. evaluate the significance of inheritance;
iia.Identify the categories of the Qur'anic heirs;
iib.Determine the share of each heir.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(5)Sources and Schools of Law.
(i) The four major sources (the Qur'an, Sunnah,
Ijma and qiyas).
(ii)The four sunni schools of law.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. analyse the four major sources of Islamic law;
iia. examine the biography of the sunni schools
of law;
iib. Examine their contributions.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(6) Islamic Economic System.
(i) Islamic attitude to Riba (Q.2:275-280)
(Q.3:130)
(Q.4:161) Hadith 6th of an-Nawawi.
(ii) At-tatfif (Q.83:1-6).
(iii)Hoarding (ihtikar) (Q.9:34).
(iv) Islamic soruces of revenue: Zakah, Jizyah,
Kharaj and Ghanimah.
(v) Baitul-mal as an institution of socio-economic
welfare.
(vi) Difference between the Islamic economic
system and the Western economic system.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. analyse Islamic attitude to riba;
ii.relate at-tatfif and its negative consequences;
iii.examine ihtikar and its efforts on society;
iva.Identify the sources of revenue in Islam;
ivb.Evaluate the disbursement of the revenue;
v. determine the uses of baitul mail in the
Ummah;
vi. differentiate between the Islamic and Western
economic systems.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(7)Islamic Political System.
(i) Allah as the sovereign (Q.3:26- 27)
(ii)The concept of shurah (consultation) (Q.3:159)
(Q.42:38)
(iii)The concept of Adala (Justice) (Q. 17:13-14
and 36) and Masuliyah (accountability)
(Q.4:58)(Q. 102:8)
(iv)The rights of non-muslims in an Islamic state
(Q.2:256) (Q.6:108)
(v) Differences between the Islamic political
system and the Western political system.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i.analyse the concept of Allah's sovereignity;
ii.examine the concept of shurah in Islam;
iii.evaluate the concept of justice and
accountability;
vi.examine the rights of non-Muslims in an
Islamic state ;
v.differentiate between the Islamic and Western
political systems.
PART III: ISLAMIC HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(1) Pre-IsIamic Arabia (Jahiliyyah)
(i) Jahiliyyah practices: idol worship,infancticide,
polyandry, gambling,usury, etc.
(ii) Islamic reforms.
OBJECTIVES
Candidates should be able to:
i.distinguish the different types of practices
common to the Arabs of al-Jahiliyya;
ii.trace the reforms brought about by Islam to the
Jahiliyyah practices.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(2) The Life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW).
(i) His birth and early life.
(ii)His call to Prophethood.
(iii)Da'awah in Makkah and Madinah.
(iv) The Hijrah.
(v) Administration of the Ummah and the role of
the mosque (Q.3:159)(Q.4:58 andl35).
(vi) The Battfes of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq: cause
and effects.
(vii)The Treaty of al-Hudaibiyyah and the
Conquest of Makkah .
(viii)Hijjatul-wada (the farewell pilgrimage)
sermon, and lessons.
(ix) Qualities of Muhammad (SAW) and lessons
learnt from them.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i.account for the birth and early life of the Prophet
Muhammad (SAW);
ii.provide evidence for the call ofMuhammad
(SAW) of Prophethood;
iii.analyse the Da'awah activities of the prophet
Muhammad (SAW) to Madinah;
iv. account for the hijra of the ProphetMuhammad
(SAW) in Makkah and Madinah.
v. analyse the administration of the Muslim
ummah in Madinah.
vi. account for the causes and effectsof the
Battles of Badr, Uhud and Khandaq;
vii.trace the circumstances leading to the
formulation of the Treaty of Hudaibiyya;
vii.account for the Conquest of Makkah;
ix. examine for the farewell pilgrimage and its
lessons;
x. analyse the qualities of Muhammad (SAW)
their relevance to the life of a Muslim.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(3)The right guided caliphs (al-Khula fa'u
rashidun) - the lives and contributions of the
four rightly guided aliphs
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. trace the biographies of the four rightly guided
caliphs;
ii.evaluate their contributions to the development
of Islam.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(4)Early contact of Islam with Africa.
(i) Hijrah to Abyssinia.
(ii)The spread of Islam to Egypt.
(iii)The role of traders,teachers, preachers,
Murabitu, Sufi orders and Mujaddidun to the
spread of Islam in WestAfrica.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. evaluate their circumstances leading to the
Hijrah to Abysinia;
ii.give reasons for the spread of Islamic in Egypt;
iii.account for the roles of traders, teachers,
preachers,murabitu,sufi orders and mujaddidun in
the spread of Islam inWest Africa..
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(5)The Impact of Islam in West Africa.
(i)The influence of islam on the socio- political life
of some West African empires;Ghana, Mali,
Songhai and Borno.
(ii)The impact of Islam on the economic life of
some African states: Timbuktu, Kano and
Borno.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i.analyse the influence of Islam oh the socio-
political system of some West African states;
ii.evaluate the impact of Islam on the economic
life of Timbuktu, Kano and Borno.
TOPICS/CONTENTS/NOTES.
(6) Contributions of Islam to Education;
(i) "The aims' and objectives of Islamic Education.
(ii)"The Glorious Qur'an arid Hadith on Eptaation
(Q.96:l-5) (Q39:9)
(a) "The search for knowledge is obligatory on
every Muslifn"(Ibn Majah)"
(b) "Seek knowledge form the cradle to the
grave".
(c) "The words of wisdom area lost property: of
the believer .; a better right to it...." (Tiimidhi)
(iv) Intellectual activities of Islam in West Africa
(development pf written history in Arabic and
the establishment of Sankore University)
(v) Intellectual activities of Ahmad Baba of
imbiktu, Sheikh al-Maghili, sheikh Usman
Danfodio, Sultan Muhammad Bello arid Ibn
Battuta;
(vi) Islamic Education Institutions: House of
Wisdom in Baghdad, al-Azhai University in
Cairo and Nizamiyyah University in Baghdad.
(vii)The lives and contributions of Ibn Sina, Al-
Ghazali, IBn Rushdi, ar-Razio and ibn
Khaldun to education.
OBJECTIVES.
Candidates should be able to:
i. classify the aims and objectives of Islamic
education;
iia.asses the position of the Glorious Qur'an and
Hadith in education;
iib.examine the importance of seeking knowledge
in Islam;
iii.analyse the intellectual activities of Islam in
West Africa.
iva.Analyse the intellectual activities.
ivb.Asses the contributions of Sheikh. al-Maghil,
sheikh Uthman Dan Fodio, Sultan
Muhammad Bello and ; Ibn Battuta;
v.account for the development of intellectual
centres in Baghdad and Cairo.
a.Examine the contributions of Ibn Sina to the
development of Medicine;
b.asses al-Ghazali's contribution to Islamic
education;
c.analyse Ibn. Rush's contribution to philosophy
and fiqh;
d.assess ar-Razi's contribution to philosophy;
e.analyse Ibn Khaldun's contribution to modern
sociology and method of uniting history.
Islamic Religions Studies REOMMENDED TEXTS.
Abdul, M.O.A. (1976) Studies in Islam Series Book
3, Lagos: 1PB
Abdul, M.O.A. (1982) Studies in Islam Series Book
2, Lagos: IPB
Abdul, M.O.A. (1988)The Classical Caliphate,
Lagos: IPB
Abdulrahman and Canham (n.d) The Ink of the
Scholar, CUP
Ali, A.Y. (1975), The Holy Qur'an Text: Translation
and Commentary Leicester The Islamic Foundation
Ali, M.M. (Undated) The Religion of Islam, Lahore,
Chand
Hay Kal, M. (1982) The Life of Muhammad (SAW),
Academic Press
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